Authors: Predeina A. L., Dukhinova M.S., Vinogradov V.V.
Abstract
Numerous biomedical applications imply supportive materials to improve protective, antibacterial, and regenerative abilities upon surgical interventions, oncotherapy, regenerative medicine, and others. With the increasing variability of the possible sources, the materials of natural origin are among the safest and the most accessible biomedical tools. Animal, plant, and fungal tissues can further undergo decellularization to improve their biocompatibility. Decellularized scaffolds lack the most reactive cellular material, nuclear and cytoplasmic components, that, predominantly trigger immune response. At the same time, the outstanding initial three-dimensional microarchitecture, biomechanical properties, and general composition of the scaffold are preserved. These unique features make the scaffolds perfect ready-to-use platforms for various biomedical properties, implying cell growth and functionalization. Decellularized materials can be repopulated with the various cells upon request, including epithelial, endothelial, muscle and neuronal cells, and applied for structural and functional biorepair within diverse biological sites, including skin, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and central nervous systems. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms behind scaffold and host tissue interactions remain not fully understood, which significantly restricts their integration into the clinical field. In this review, we address the essential aspects of decellularization, scaffold preparation techniques, its biochemical composition, and properties, which determine the biocompatibility and immunogenicity of the materials. With the integrated evaluation of the scaffold profile in the living systems, the decellularized animal, plant, and fungal scaffolds have a potential to become essential instruments for safe and controllable biomedical applications.
DOI: 10.1039/D0TB01751E
Read full: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2020/tb/d0tb01751e?page=search